This result remained consistent between sexes and taxonomic groups. ![]() The most robust finding from our analysis is that urban lizards are larger than their non-urban counterparts. In recent years, there has been a surge in research on the responses of lizards to urbanization, yet no formal synthesis has determined what makes an urban lizard, in other words, which phenotypic traits are most likely to change with urbanization and in which direction? Here, we present a qualitative synthesis of the literature and a quantitative phylogenetic meta-analysis comparing phenotypic traits between urban and non-urban lizard populations. However, unlike mammals and birds, most reptiles cannot easily move away from disturbances, making the selective pressure to adapt to urban environments especially strong. Non-avian reptiles have important roles in ecosystems worldwide, yet their responses to urbanization have not been as comprehensively studied as those of mammals and birds. Understanding how animals respond to urbanization could inform the management of urban habitats. ![]() Urban environments pose different selective pressures than natural ones, leading to changes in animal behavior, physiology, and morphology.
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